Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Gustavus Adolphus shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Gustavus Adolphus offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Gustavus Adolphus at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Gustavus Adolphus? Wrong! If the Gustavus Adolphus is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Gustavus Adolphus then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Gustavus Adolphus? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Gustavus Adolphus and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Gustavus Adolphus wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Gustavus Adolphus then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Gustavus Adolphus site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Gustavus Adolphus, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Gustavus Adolphus, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Infobox Monarch| name = Gustav II Adolf| title =
Monarch of Sweden, the
King of the Goths and the King of the Wends; Grand Prince of Finland; Duke of Estonia and Karelia; Lord of Ingria [1611 –
6 November 1632 [1617| successor = [Christina of Sweden| consort = Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg| royal house = [House of Vasa| royal motto =
Cum Deo et victribus armis("With God and Arms Victorious")| father = Charles IX of Sweden| mother = Christina of Holstein-Gottorp [1594, [Sweden, [Electorate of Saxony [1634, [Stockholm-->
Gustav II Adolf (
9 December 1594 –
6 November 1632 Old Style and New Style dates), widely known by the Latinized name
Gustavus (II) Adolphus and sometimes as
Gustav Adolf the Great (), was
Monarch of Sweden from
1611 until his death.
Gustav II Adolf was born in Stockholm as the oldest son of King
Charles IX of Sweden of the
House of Vasa and his second wife,
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. He inherited the throne at his fathers death, at the age of seventeen. His reign was marked by the Swedish participation in the
Thirty Years' War, where he entered the war on the
Protestant side. He was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, the daughter of
John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the
Prussian city of
Elbing as the base for his operations in Germany. He died in the Battle of Lützen (1632) in 1632. His participation in the Thirty Years' War also earned him the nickname
"the Lion of the North".
Gustav II Adolf was known as a skillful military commander. His innovative skills in the tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and logistics, earned the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied and admired Gustav II Adolf include Napoleon I of France and
Carl von Clausewitz. His advancements in military science made Sweden the dominant
Baltic power for the next one hundred years (
see Swedish Empire). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "List of people known as The Great".
Military commander
As a
general, Gustav Adolf is famous for employing mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive military tactics, where attack was stressed over defense and mobility emphasized over the usual linear tactics. His musketeers were widely known for their shooting accuracy and reload speed, three times faster than any contemporary rivals.
Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon I of France considered him one of the greatest generals of all time. He was famed for consistency of purpose, and amity with his troops.
Gustav Adolf was killed at the
Battle of Lützen (1632), when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge into a dense
smog of mist and gunpowder smoke. After his death, his wife initially kept his body, and later his heart, in her castle for over a year. His remains (including his heart) now rest in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm.
In February 1633, following the death of the king, the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates decided that his name would be styled Gustav Adolf the Great (or
Gustaf Adolf den Store in Swedish language). No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish monarch since. against the forces of the redoubtable Count Tilly.
The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustav Adolf's younger brother had died years ago, and therefore there were only female heirs left. Maria Eleonora and the king's ministers took over the government on behalf of Gustav Adolf's underage daughter Christina I of Sweden on her father's death. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son
Gustav Gustavsson af Vasaborg.
Alternative views
The German Socialist Franz Mehring (1846–1919) wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a
Marxist analysis of the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he claimed he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion.
The Swedish historian and author Peter Englund states in his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare") that there was not a single all-dominant reason for the King deciding to going into war, instead it was probably a combination of mainly religious, geopolitical safety as well economical reasons.
Timeline
' coat, painting by Merian, 1632
- July 1626. Gustav Adolf and his army disembark at Pillau, Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1625-1629).
- August 18, 1627. The King is seriously wounded by a Polish soldier in the battle of Tczew.
- May 1630. Gustav Adolf lands with his army in Pomerania. On July 6 he lands in Germany.
- September 1631. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Gustav Adolf decisively defeats the Catholic forces led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, even after the allied Protestant Saxon army had been routed and fled with the baggage train.
- April 1632. At the Battle of Lech, Gustav Adolf defeats Tilly once more, and in the battle Tilly sustains a fatal wound.
- May 1632. Munich yields to the Swedish army.
- September 1632. Gustav Adolf attacks the stronghold of Battle of the Alte Veste, which is under the command of Albrecht von Wallenstein, but is repulsed, marking the first defeat in the Thirty Years' War of the previously invincible Swedes. This leads to defection of some mercenary elements in the Protestant army.
- November 1632. At the Battle of Lützen, Gustav Adolf is killed but the Swedes win the day, thanks to Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, who assumed command, and defeat Wallenstein. The Swedish war effort was kept up by generals Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Johan Banér, Lennart Torstenson and chancellor Axel Oxenstierna until the Peace of Westphalia.
A history of Gustavus Adolphus' wars was written by
Johann Philipp Abelin.
Gustav Adolf Day is celebrated in Sweden each year on November 6. On this day only a special pastry, with a chocolate or marzipan medallion of the king, is sold. The day is also an official
Flag days in Sweden in the Swedish calendar. In Finland, the day is celebrated as
svenska dagen or
ruotsalaisuuden päivä, "swedishness day", and is a customary
Flag days in Finland. In both countries, November 6 is the name day for Gustav Adolf, one of the few exceptional name days in the year.
Fictional appearances
Ancestors
Gustavus Adolphus's ancestors in three generations{{ahnentafel4| Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden| Charles IX of Sweden (Vasa)]| Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa)]
| Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp| [Erik Johansson (Vasa)] (Natt och Dag)| Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)| Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
| [Frederick I of Denmark| [Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse-->
See also
{| align=right|-||}
External links
{{Infobox Monarch| name = Gustav II Adolf| title =
Monarch of Sweden, the
King of the Goths and the King of the Wends;
Grand Prince of Finland; Duke of Estonia and
Karelia; Lord of Ingria [1611 –
6 November 1632 [1617| successor = [Christina of Sweden| consort =
Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg| royal house = [House of Vasa| royal motto =
Cum Deo et victribus armis("With God and Arms Victorious")| father =
Charles IX of Sweden| mother =
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp [1594, [Sweden, [Electorate of Saxony [1634, [Stockholm-->
Gustav II Adolf (9 December
1594 –
6 November 1632
Old Style and New Style dates), widely known by the Latinized name
Gustavus (II) Adolphus and sometimes as
Gustav Adolf the Great (), was
Monarch of Sweden from 1611 until his death.
Gustav II Adolf was born in
Stockholm as the oldest son of King
Charles IX of Sweden of the House of Vasa and his second wife,
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. He inherited the throne at his fathers death, at the age of seventeen. His reign was marked by the Swedish participation in the Thirty Years' War, where he entered the war on the Protestant side. He was married to
Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, the daughter of
John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the
Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in Germany. He died in the Battle of Lützen (1632) in 1632. His participation in the Thirty Years' War also earned him the nickname
"the Lion of the North".
Gustav II Adolf was known as a skillful military commander. His innovative skills in the tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and logistics, earned the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied and admired Gustav II Adolf include Napoleon I of France and Carl von Clausewitz. His advancements in military science made Sweden the dominant
Baltic power for the next one hundred years (
see Swedish Empire). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "
List of people known as The Great".
Military commander
As a
general, Gustav Adolf is famous for employing mobile
artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive military tactics, where attack was stressed over defense and mobility emphasized over the usual linear tactics. His musketeers were widely known for their shooting accuracy and reload speed, three times faster than any contemporary rivals.
Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon I of France considered him one of the greatest generals of all time. He was famed for consistency of purpose, and amity with his troops.
Gustav Adolf was killed at the Battle of Lützen (1632), when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge into a dense
smog of mist and gunpowder smoke. After his death, his wife initially kept his body, and later his heart, in her castle for over a year. His remains (including his heart) now rest in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm.
In February
1633, following the death of the king, the Swedish
Riksdag of the Estates decided that his name would be styled Gustav Adolf the Great (or
Gustaf Adolf den Store in Swedish language). No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish monarch since. against the forces of the redoubtable Count Tilly.
The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustav Adolf's younger brother had died years ago, and therefore there were only female heirs left. Maria Eleonora and the king's ministers took over the government on behalf of Gustav Adolf's underage daughter Christina I of Sweden on her father's death. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son
Gustav Gustavsson af Vasaborg.
Alternative views
The German Socialist
Franz Mehring (1846–1919) wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a Marxist analysis of the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he claimed he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion.
The Swedish historian and author Peter Englund states in his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare") that there was not a single all-dominant reason for the King deciding to going into war, instead it was probably a combination of mainly religious, geopolitical safety as well economical reasons.
Timeline
' coat, painting by Merian, 1632
- July 1626. Gustav Adolf and his army disembark at Pillau, Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1625-1629).
- August 18, 1627. The King is seriously wounded by a Polish soldier in the battle of Tczew.
- May 1630. Gustav Adolf lands with his army in Pomerania. On July 6 he lands in Germany.
- September 1631. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Gustav Adolf decisively defeats the Catholic forces led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, even after the allied Protestant Saxon army had been routed and fled with the baggage train.
- April 1632. At the Battle of Lech, Gustav Adolf defeats Tilly once more, and in the battle Tilly sustains a fatal wound.
- May 1632. Munich yields to the Swedish army.
- September 1632. Gustav Adolf attacks the stronghold of Battle of the Alte Veste, which is under the command of Albrecht von Wallenstein, but is repulsed, marking the first defeat in the Thirty Years' War of the previously invincible Swedes. This leads to defection of some mercenary elements in the Protestant army.
- November 1632. At the Battle of Lützen, Gustav Adolf is killed but the Swedes win the day, thanks to Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, who assumed command, and defeat Wallenstein. The Swedish war effort was kept up by generals Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Johan Banér, Lennart Torstenson and chancellor Axel Oxenstierna until the Peace of Westphalia.
A history of Gustavus Adolphus' wars was written by Johann Philipp Abelin.
Gustav Adolf Day is celebrated in Sweden each year on November 6. On this day only a special pastry, with a chocolate or marzipan medallion of the king, is sold. The day is also an official
Flag days in Sweden in the Swedish calendar. In
Finland, the day is celebrated as
svenska dagen or
ruotsalaisuuden päivä, "swedishness day", and is a customary
Flag days in Finland. In both countries,
November 6 is the name day for Gustav Adolf, one of the few exceptional name days in the year.
Fictional appearances
Ancestors
Gustavus Adolphus's ancestors in three generations{{ahnentafel4| Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden| Charles IX of Sweden (Vasa)]|
Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa)]
|
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp| [Erik Johansson (Vasa)] (Natt och Dag)| Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)| Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
| [Frederick I of Denmark| [Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse-->
See also
{| align=right|-||}
External links
Gustavus Adolphus and Sweden::
In 1627 Gustavus Adolphus , the "Lion of the North", had compared the revived Roman Catholic Church to the sea : "as one wave follows another in the sea, so the ...
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
King Gustav II Adolf, (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632 (O.S.) [1] or Gustav II Adolphus, widely known by the Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus and variously in historical ...
Athletics | Gustavus Adolphus College
Volleyball Hitters Propel Gustavus Past Carleton 3-0. Wednesday, October 8, 2008 (2 days ago) For the second time in three games, the Gustavus Adolphus volleyball team hit over ...
Gustavus Adolphus College: church-related, residential liberal arts ...
An undergraduate, residential liberal arts college firmly rooted in its Swedish and Lutheran heritage.
Gustavus Adolphus::
Gustavus Adolphus lead Sweden during her glory years in the Thirty Years War. However, Gustavus was also responsible for many domestic reforms which pushed Sweden from being just ...
Gustavus Adolphus - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Gustavus ...
King of Sweden from 1611, when he succeeded his father Charles IX. He waged successful wars with Denmark, Russia, and Poland, and in the Thirty Years' War became a champion of the ...
Gustavus Adolphus - definition of Gustavus Adolphus by the Free Online ...
Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms. Noun: 1. Gustavus Adolphus - king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power; his domestic reforms made ...
Gustavus Adolphus definition of Gustavus Adolphus in the Free Online ...
Gustavus Adolphus: see Gustavus II Gustavus II (Gustavus Adolphus), 1594–1632, king of Sweden (1611–32), son and successor of Charles IX. Military Achievements
Gustavus Adolphus
King of Sweden from 1611, when he succeeded his father Charles IX ... Tiscali Quicklinks. Please visit our Accessibility Page for a list of the Access Keys you can use to find your ...
Gustavus Adolphus - Foreign Policy::
Gustavus Adolphus and his foreign policy is primarily associated with the Thirty Years War. When Sweden joined this war in 1630, her forces had not been tried out against what ...
